Modelling critical levels of ozone for the forested area of austria modifications of the aot40 concept

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Ozone is the most important air pollutant in Europe for forest ecosystems and the increase in the last decades is significant. The ozone impact on forests can be calculated and mapped based on the provisional European Critical Level (AOT40 = accumulated exposure over a threshold of 40 ppb, 10,000 ppb x h for 6 months of one growing season calculated for 24 h day(-1)). For Norway spruce, the Austrian main tree species, the ozone risk was assessed in a basis approach and because the calculations do not reflect the health status of forests in Austria, the AOT40 concept was developed. METHODS: Three approaches were outlined and maps were generated for Norway spruce forests covering the entire area of Austria. The 1st approach modifies the AOT40 due to the assumption that forests have adapted to the pre-industrial levels of ozone, which increase with altitude (AOTalt). The 2nd approach modifies the AOT40 according to the ozone concentration in the sub-stomata cavity. This approach is based on such factors as light intensity and water vapour saturation deficit, which affect stomatal uptake (AOTsto). The 3rd approach combines both approaches and includes the hemeroby. The pre-industrial ozone level approach was applied for autochthonous ('natural') forest areas, the ozone-uptake approach for non-autochthonous ('altered') forest areas. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The provisional Critical Level (AOT40) was established to allow a uniform assessment of the ozone risk for forested areas in Europe. In Austria, where ozone risk is assessed with utmost accuracy due to the dense grid of monitoring plots of the Forest Inventory and because the continuously collected data from more than 100 air quality measuring stations, an exceedance up to the five fold of the Critical Level was found. The result could lead to a yield loss of up to 30-40% and to a severe deterioration in the forest health status. However, the data of the Austrian Forest Inventory and the Austrian Forest Damage Monitoring System do not reflect such an ozone impact. Therefore, various approaches were outlined including the tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of Norway spruce against ozone impact. Taking into consideration the adaptation of forests to the pre-industrial background level of ozone, the AOT40 exceedances are markedly reduced (1st approach). Taking into account the stomatal uptake of ozone, unrealistic high amounts of exceedances up to 10,000 ppb x h were found. The modelled risk does not correspond with the health status and the wood increment of the Austrian forests (2nd approach). Consolidating the forgoing two approaches, a final map including the hemeroby was generated. It became clear that the less natural ('altered') forested regions are highly polluted. This means, that more than half of the spruce forests are endangered by ozone impact and AOT40 values of up to 30,000 ppb x h occur (3rd approach). CONCLUSIONS: The approaches revealed that a plausible result concerning the ozone impact on spruce forests in Austria could only be reached by combining pre-industrial ozone levels, ozone flux into the spruce needles and the hemeroby of forests.     

Dust storm frequency and its relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 years

Dust storm events and their relation to climate changes in Northern China during the past 1000 years were analyzed by using different paleoclimate archives such as ice cores, tree rings, and historical documents. The results show that in the semiarid region, the temperature and precipitation series were significantly negatively correlated to the dust storm frequency on a decadal timescale. Compared with temperature changes, however, there was a closer correlation between precipitation changes and dust storm events on a centennial timescale. At this timescale, precipitation accounts for 40% of the variance of dust fall variations during the last 1700 years, inferring precipitation control on the formation of dust storms. In the western arid region, both temperature and precipitation changes are important forcing factors for the occurrence of dust storms in the region on a centennial timescale. In the eastern arid region, the relationship between dust storm events and climate changes are similar like in the semiarid region. As a result, the effects of climate change on dust storm events were manifested on decadal and centennial timescales during the last millennium. However, there is a phase shift in the relation between climate change and the dust storm frequency. A 1400 years reconstruction of the strength of the Siberian High reveals that long-term variations of spring Siberian High intensity might provide a background for the dynamic conditions for the frequency of historical dust storm events in Northern China.     

水泥厂大气污染物健康风险评价初探

根据大气污染物的环境行为,沿着污染物排放-迁移转化-人体吸收这条途径,提出了以致残调整生命年为最终评价指标的大气污染物人体健康风险定量评价方法.对广东某水泥厂实例分析说明,水泥生产过程排放的各种大气污染物中,NOx的人体健康风险最大,占水泥生产过程所有大气污染物健康风险的43.9%,SO2的人体健康风险最小.     

Long-term climate variability at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant,southeastern New Mexico,USA

The United States Department of Energy is developing the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southeastern New Mexico for the disposal of transuranic wastes generated by defense programs. Because changes in climate during the next 10,000 years (10 ka) may affect performance of the repository, an understanding of long-term climate variability is essential for evaluating regulatory compliance. Fluctuations in global climate corresponding to glaciation and deglaciation of the northern hemisphere have been regular in both frequency and amplitude for at least 780 ka. Coolest and wettest conditions in the past have occurred at the WIPP during glacial maxima, when the North American ice sheet reached its southern limit roughly 1200 km north of the WIPP and deflected the jet stream southward. Average precipitation in southeastern New Mexico during the last glacial maximum 22-18 ka before present (BP) was approximately twice that of the present. Driest conditions (precipitation approximately 90% of present) occurred 6.5-4.5 ka BP, after the ice sheet had retreated to its present location. Wet periods of unknown duration have occurred since the retreat of the ice sheet, but none have exceeded glacial conditions. Global climate models suggest that anthropogenic climate changes (i.e., warming caused by an increased greenhouse effect) will not result in an increase in precipitation at the WIPP. The climate of the last glacial maximum is therefore suitable for use as a cooler and wetter limit for variability during the next 10 ka.     

塔里木盆地北缘绿洲不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳组分特征及其与理化因子的相关性

开展绿洲连作棉田土壤有机碳组分研究,有助于阐明干旱区农田土壤有机碳稳定性机制在人地关系作用下变化特征.以塔里木盆地北缘阿拉尔垦区为研究区,以空间代替时间序列法分析了2、5、12、20和35 a等不同连作年限棉田土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳的含量特征,结合冗余分析探讨了土壤有机碳组分与土壤其它理化因子（含水量、容重、pH值、全盐、全氮、有效磷和速效钾）的相互关系,结果表明：①不同年限的连作对研究区土壤有机碳组分含量具有显著影响,土壤有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量整体表现为连作12、20和35 a棉田高于连作2 a、5 a棉田和荒草地,ω（土壤有机碳）在20 a棉田达到峰值（7.06g ·kg^-1）,高出荒草地76.91%,各土壤有机碳组分含量均随着土层的加深而下降.②基于对土壤有机碳组分含量与土壤其它理化因子的冗余分析结果表明,土壤有机碳组分含量与全氮、有效磷和含水量呈正相关关系,与pH值和容重呈负相关关系.土壤其它理化因子对土壤有机碳组分含量解释的重要性排序为：全氮>有效磷>pH值>容重>含水量>速效钾>全盐.     

Durable goods and long-run electricity demand: Evidence from air conditioner purchase behavior

I estimate a dynamic structural model of demand for air conditioners, the most energy-intensive home appliance in the US. The model explores the links between demand for durable goods and expected changes in key attributes: energy efficiency and price. I incorporate expectations explicitly as a feature of the choice setting, and use parameter estimates from the model to calculate durable good demand elasticities with respect to energy efficiency, electricity price, and price of the durable itself. These estimates fill a large gap in the literature, and also shed light on consumer behavior in this setting. Results indicate that consumers are forward-looking and value the stream of future savings derived from energy efficiency.     

生态现代化理念视域下低碳技术创新谈判进程与前景

生态现代化是实现经济发展与环境保护双赢的一种理念,其核心是以低碳技术创新来减少原材料投入和能源消耗,进而实现兼融现代化与环境保护的"有质量的"经济。该理念虽受到各国的普遍接受,但发达国家主张以市场为导向来刺激技术创新,发展中国家倡议以社会为导向来监管技术创新,导致出现"经济—技术相适应"与"社会—技术相适应"的两种生态现代化理念。通过梳理分析联合国关于低碳技术创新谈判进程的三个阶段,可以看出两种理念的对立严重掣肘了低碳技术创新谈判的进程。对此,中国等发展中国家可以凭借经济韧性优势以及国内国际双循环的发展新格局,借鉴发达国家将气候内外议题相互挂靠的方式来提升谈判话语权,以此作为两种生态现代化理念在未来低碳技术创新谈判中的双赢联结点。     

不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

土壤有机碳库是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,其积累和分解的变化直接影响全球的碳平衡。果园是我国重要的土地利用类型之一,果园面积占我国土地总面积的1.15%。因此,研究果园土壤有机碳库的演变规律,对于准确评估我国陆地生态系统的固碳潜力具有重要的科学意义。利用时空替代和物理、化学分组的方法比较研究不同经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响,旨为果园土壤固碳增汇机理研究提供科学依据。利用时空替代法和物理化学分组的方法比较研究经营年限对柑橘果园土壤有机碳库及其组分的影响。结果表明：50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层颗粒有机碳和轻组有机碳含量分别比80年代柑橘果园提高了9.6%和23.60%、2.57%和3.63%,其中对0~20 cm土层的影响显著高于20~40 cm,说明果园经营干扰对土壤活性有机碳的影响随着土层的加深而降低。50年代柑橘果园0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量比80年代果园提高27.2%,可溶性有机碳提高20.1%,微生物生物量碳提高5.3%;50年代柑橘园0~100 cm土层有机碳储量比80年代柑橘园提高30.3%,但50年代柑橘园的土壤颗粒有机碳、轻组有机碳、可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳占总有机碳的比率均低于80年代柑橘园,说明当种植年限超过30年后,随着种植年限增加,果园土壤有机碳质量存在退化的风险。     

吉林西部不同开发年份盐碱水田土壤有机碳和碳酸盐的季节动态

水稻土是中国主要的耕作土壤,在陆地土壤碳循环研究中具有重要现实意义。针对吉林西部水田土壤的特征,将无机碳库纳入土壤碳库研究,以典型灌区前郭县为例,野外采集盐碱地和已开发5、15、25、35、55年的5种不同水田表层土壤,建立实验样地,在水稻生长的幼苗期、分蘖期、长穗期和结实期采集土壤样品,用TOC仪分别测试表层土壤有机碳和碳酸盐含量,分析其季节动态规律和开发年份特征。结果表明：吉林西部盐碱水田土壤有机碳呈现“减-增-减”的季节变化规律,水稻生长的幼苗期和分蘖期有机碳含量下降,长穗期含量上升,结实期含量下降,碳酸盐季节变化规律与其相反,二者季节变化呈显著负相关;经历一个生长季后,开发5、15、25、35、55年的土壤有机碳含量分别增加了2.98%、3.53%、3.66%、2.72%、2.30%,碳酸盐含量分别增加了4.07%、2.15%、1.08%、1.61%、11.36%,说明研究区水田生长期具有碳汇作用;与未开发盐碱地相比,开发的5、15、25、35、55年生长季土壤平均总碳量分别增加了89.81%、121.03%、137.22%、188.28%,有机碳含量分别增加了284.28%、392.00%、456.37%、559.08%、666.06%,碳酸盐含量分别降低了13.49%、22.84%、32.23%、43.53%、62.40%;开发年份越长,水田土壤总碳和有机碳含量越高,碳酸盐含量越低;总碳的增加来自有机碳的增加;盐碱地开发有利于土壤碳汇。水稻生长期温度和降雨量影响土壤有机碳和碳酸盐季节变化。     

闽江河口区互花米草入侵不同年限下湿地土壤有机碳变化

为阐明互花米草的固碳潜力,论文在闽江河口区鳝鱼滩湿地选择不同入侵年限的样地,对其0~60 cm土壤理化性质和碳库变化进行测定与分析。结果表明：1） Y₄（<4 a）、Y₈（4~8 a）和Y₁₂（8~12 a）3个采样点土壤有机碳含量均值分别为 15.5、17.77和19.71 g·kg^-1,土壤有机碳密度均值分别为10.68、12.29和15.01 kg·m^-3,总有机碳储量均值分别为65.24、73.99和90.30 t·hm^-2,其中表层0~20 cm土壤有机碳增加最为显著;2）互花米草入侵引起湿地土壤粘粒和粉粒组成增加,容重和砂粒组成降低,表层土壤C/N增加明显;3）土壤有机碳含量与pH值、盐度、土壤含水量、C/N、平均粒径、粘粒组成呈显著正相关,与容重、砂粒组成呈显著负相关。通过研究发现,短期入侵的互花米草湿地土壤有机碳持续增加,具有较强的有机碳富集能力,在单位面积上可以有效增强河口湿地生态系统的碳蓄积。